[citation needed] The Songhai Empire also occupied part of the region. A student reacts during a parade to commemorate Nigeria's 55th Independence Day in Lagos, October 1, 2015. Nigeria is a West African country occupying an area of 923,769 sq. Hydromorphic and organic soils, confined largely to areas underlain by sedimentary rocks along the coast and river floodplains, are the youngest soil types. Another factor was the military threat of the Tuareg centred at Agades who penetrated the northern districts of Borno. [82] Decree No. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. In this Nok work, the head is dramatically larger than the body supporting it, yet the figure possesses elegant details and a powerful focus. The school was quite traditional in its subject matter, being largely confined to the political history that colleagues in Europe and North America were then rejecting. Jack McCaslin is a . They crossed the river to Urupkam (Usukpam) west of the Cross River and founded two settlements: Ena Uda and Ena Ofia in present-day Erai. With the country sliding into chaos Defense Minister Sani Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan's resignation on 17 November 1993. The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. ", "Nigeria's economy came through the war in better shape than expected." According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. After holding the record as the longest-serving female senator in the history of Nigeria, Remi Tinubu will become first lady when her husband is inaugurated as President on 29 May. The present crisis started" with Nigerian independence in 1960, but the federated parliament hid "serious internal strains. Much of Nigeria is covered with plains and savannas. Thus, the AG was reduced to an opposition role in their own stronghold.[77]. In February 2010, Goodluck Jonathan began serving as acting president in the absence of Yaradua. During the 16th century, the Songhai Empire reached its peak, stretching from the Senegal and Gambia rivers and incorporating part of Hausaland in the east. [34], Borno's history is closely associated with Kanem, which had achieved imperial status in the Lake Chad basin by the 13th century. 34 which sought to unify the nation. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. We think Gowon will have great difficulty in staying in office through the period which he said is necessary before the turnover of power to civilians. The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. However, the subsequent massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north prompted hundreds of thousands of them to return to the south-east where increasingly strong Igbo secessionist sentiment emerged. Head of State Babangida promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) Obasanjo had recently stated on national radio that he would "deal firmly" with election fraud and violence advocated by "highly placed individuals." [36], The Hausa Kingdoms were a collection of states started by the Hausa people, situated between the Niger River and Lake Chad. [38][39] Today the Hausa people now reside in the Northern part of Nigeria.[40]. - Offers a view of one of the main sources of income for the country. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. E. Elochukwu Uzukwu [48] Flora Shaw later Flora Lugard named the areas that fell within the Muurish Sokoto Emirate and Muurish Benin, Nigger area. The history of Nigeria can be traced back to as early as 11,000 BC when a number of ancient African communities inhabited the area that now makes Nigeria. [77] Unrest continued in the West and contributed to the Western Region's reputation for, violence, anarchy and rigged elections. Ghana declined in the 11th century but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the 13th century. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the leader of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the country's new ruling body. Hundreds of ethnic Hausa were killed in reprisal attacks in south-eastern Nigeria. Author of. A sign of federalism has been the growing visibility of state governors and the inherent friction between Abuja and the state capitals over resource allocation.[97]. The Umunoha state in the Owerri area used the Igwe ka Ala oracle at their advantage. In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the murder of 12 policemen by a local gang. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. In September 2018, a . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nigeria&oldid=1149132929, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Royal Naval Biography (1823), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the RNB (1823) with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Odeyemi, Jacob Oluwole. [70] From 1884 until 1906 Old Calabar was the headquarters of the Niger Coast Protectorate, after which Lagos became the main center. [53], Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[54] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. Others left the country entirely for jobs at universities in the West. There are 400 deities called Orisha who perform various tasks. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. The collapse undermined Songhai's hegemony over the Hausa states and abruptly altered the course of regional history. However, over the centuries Nigerians have utilized agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, intercropping, and the use of shallow planting implements to cope with the shortcomings of the soil. circa 11th century onwards - Formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno. While that may be a lot of people, population . Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. In the 1959 elections, the AG obtained 73 seats.[75]. Outline Map. [68], With the suppression of the slave trade,[69] palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. The greatest and the well-known empire that ruled the region before the British arrived was the Benin Empire whose ruler was known as Oba of Benin. [20], The Nok culture thrived from approximately 1,500 BC to about 200 AD on the Jos Plateau in north and central Nigeria and produced life-sized terracotta figures that include human heads, human figures, and animals. Biram was the original seat of government, while Zaria supplied labor and was known as the "Chief of Slaves." At the same time, rival schools developed. The presidential election was finally held on 12 June 1993, with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place 27 August 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. A new republic was planned to be established in 1993 but was aborted by General Sani Abacha. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. Breunig, Peter. In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. Women, for example, continued to exercise considerable political influence. Upon independence, it was widely expected that Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto, the undisputed strong man in Nigeria[76] who controlled the North, would become Prime Minister of the new Federation Government. [81] In the Northern Region, however, the Hausa and Fulani people demanded that the detainees be placed on trial for murder.[81]. Chairs were thrown and one member grabbed the parliamentary Mace and wielded it like a weapon to attack the Speaker and other members. Much use was made of oral history and throughout the school took a strongly interdisciplinary approach to gather information. "Nigeria is likely to take a more active role in funding liberation movements in southern Africa." In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously politicians. Child with the queen 's maid-servant, Karbagari marred by electoral fraud and! October 1, 2015 Today the Hausa people now reside in the West and contributed to the Western 's. 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